Prelims Mantra (1/12/2025)
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Prelims Mantra (1/12/2025)
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Question 1 of 7
1. Question
In the context of disaster vulnerabilities in the Himalayan region, which of the following factors primarily increases the frequency of cloudbursts?
1. Steep orographic lifting
2. High convective instability
3. Warming of lower troposphere
4. Presence of large glacial lakes
Select the correct answer:
CorrectAnswer: B
Explanation:
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- Steep orographic lifting: Moist air rises rapidly over the Himalayan slopes, causing sudden heavy rainfall.
- High convective instability: Promotes strong upward motion of warm, moist air, triggering intense localized precipitation.
- Warming of lower troposphere: Enhances moisture-holding capacity, increasing the likelihood of sudden heavy rain.
- Presence of large glacial lakes: While glacial lakes can contribute to glacial lake outburst floods (GLOFs), they do not directly cause cloudbursts, so this is not included.
IncorrectAnswer: B
Explanation:
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- Steep orographic lifting: Moist air rises rapidly over the Himalayan slopes, causing sudden heavy rainfall.
- High convective instability: Promotes strong upward motion of warm, moist air, triggering intense localized precipitation.
- Warming of lower troposphere: Enhances moisture-holding capacity, increasing the likelihood of sudden heavy rain.
- Presence of large glacial lakes: While glacial lakes can contribute to glacial lake outburst floods (GLOFs), they do not directly cause cloudbursts, so this is not included.
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Question 2 of 7
2. Question
Consider the following pairs:
Disaster Event Associated Location
1. Kedarnath floods (2013) – Mandakini valley
2. Chamoli disaster (2021) – Rishi Ganga valley
3. GLOF fears – South Lhonak Lake
Which of the pairs given above are correctly matched?
CorrectAnswer: D
Explanation:
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- Kedarnath floods (2013) → Mandakini valley: The catastrophic flash floods in Uttarakhand affected the Mandakini river basin, including Kedarnath.
- Chamoli disaster (2021) → Rishi Ganga valley: The glacier burst and subsequent flood occurred in the Rishi Ganga hydropower project area.
- GLOF fears (recent) → South Lhonak Lake: The South Lhonak glacial lake in Sikkim has shown rapid expansion, raising concerns of a possible Glacial Lake Outburst Flood (GLOF).
IncorrectAnswer: D
Explanation:
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- Kedarnath floods (2013) → Mandakini valley: The catastrophic flash floods in Uttarakhand affected the Mandakini river basin, including Kedarnath.
- Chamoli disaster (2021) → Rishi Ganga valley: The glacier burst and subsequent flood occurred in the Rishi Ganga hydropower project area.
- GLOF fears (recent) → South Lhonak Lake: The South Lhonak glacial lake in Sikkim has shown rapid expansion, raising concerns of a possible Glacial Lake Outburst Flood (GLOF).
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Question 3 of 7
3. Question
“Nowcast” warnings issued for Himalayan regions are meant to predict:
CorrectAnswer: B
Explanation:
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- The “Nowcast” system is designed for very short-term (up to 3 hours) weather predictions, especially to issue early warnings for intense rainfall, cloudbursts, and storm events in the Himalayas.
- It does not predict long-term seasonal trends, snowmelt intensity, or seismic activity.
- This system is crucial for disaster preparedness and real-time flood management in vulnerable Himalayan regions.
IncorrectAnswer: B
Explanation:
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- The “Nowcast” system is designed for very short-term (up to 3 hours) weather predictions, especially to issue early warnings for intense rainfall, cloudbursts, and storm events in the Himalayas.
- It does not predict long-term seasonal trends, snowmelt intensity, or seismic activity.
- This system is crucial for disaster preparedness and real-time flood management in vulnerable Himalayan regions.
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Question 4 of 7
4. Question
Consider the following statements about the Great Nicobar Crake:
1. It is an endemic bird species found only in the Great Nicobar Island.
2. It primarily inhabits high-altitude montane forests above 2000 m.
3. It was recently recorded as part of biodiversity assessments in the Andaman & Nicobar Islands.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
CorrectAnswer: B
Explanation:
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- Statement 1 is correct: The Great Nicobar Crake is endemic to Great Nicobar Island.
- Statement 2 is incorrect: Great Nicobar has no high-altitude mountains; the species is found in lowland tropical forests and wetlands.
- Statement 3 is correct: It has been recently documented, enhancing the biodiversity profile of A&N Islands.
IncorrectAnswer: B
Explanation:
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- Statement 1 is correct: The Great Nicobar Crake is endemic to Great Nicobar Island.
- Statement 2 is incorrect: Great Nicobar has no high-altitude mountains; the species is found in lowland tropical forests and wetlands.
- Statement 3 is correct: It has been recently documented, enhancing the biodiversity profile of A&N Islands.
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Question 5 of 7
5. Question
With reference to Aceh Province, consider the following statements:
1. It lies along the tectonically active Sunda Trench.
2. It was the epicentre region of the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami.
3. It is the only Indonesian province with constitutionally permitted Sharia law.
How many of the above statements are correct?
CorrectAnswer: C
Explanation:
- Aceh sits near the Sunda Trench, the rupture zone of the 2004 tsunami, and has a special autonomous status allowing implementation of Sharia law.
IncorrectAnswer: C
Explanation:
- Aceh sits near the Sunda Trench, the rupture zone of the 2004 tsunami, and has a special autonomous status allowing implementation of Sharia law.
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Question 6 of 7
6. Question
Baikonur Cosmodrome, often in news, is significant because it:
CorrectAnswer: B
Explanation:
Baikonur Cosmodrome (Kazakhstan, operated by Russia) is where Sputnik-1, the first artificial satellite, was launched.
IncorrectAnswer: B
Explanation:
Baikonur Cosmodrome (Kazakhstan, operated by Russia) is where Sputnik-1, the first artificial satellite, was launched.
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Question 7 of 7
7. Question
Which of the following statements about the Butterfly Nebula (NGC 6302) are correct?
1. It is a bipolar planetary nebula located in the constellation Scorpius, about 3,800 light years from Earth.
2. Its characteristic “butterfly-wing” structure is formed by gas and dust expelled from a dying star.
3. The central star at its core is one of the hottest known central stars in any planetary nebula.
4. The “butterfly shape” is due to gravitational lensing by a nearby massive object.
Select the correct answer:
CorrectAnswer: A
Explanation:
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- The Butterfly Nebula (NGC 6302) is a bipolar planetary nebula in Scorpius, roughly 3,800 light-years away.
- Its “butterfly-wing” appearance arises because the dying central star has ejected its outer layers of gas and dust, forming lobes on opposite sides.
- The central star is extremely hot — among the hottest known central stars of planetary nebulae — with surface temperatures of the order of ~220,000–250,000 °C.
- The “butterfly shape” is not due to gravitational lensing, but because of the geometry of gas-dust outflow modulated by a dense equatorial dust torus or ring, which restricts outflow in equatorial plane, forcing bipolar lobes — a common mechanism for bipolar planetary nebulae.
IncorrectAnswer: A
Explanation:
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- The Butterfly Nebula (NGC 6302) is a bipolar planetary nebula in Scorpius, roughly 3,800 light-years away.
- Its “butterfly-wing” appearance arises because the dying central star has ejected its outer layers of gas and dust, forming lobes on opposite sides.
- The central star is extremely hot — among the hottest known central stars of planetary nebulae — with surface temperatures of the order of ~220,000–250,000 °C.
- The “butterfly shape” is not due to gravitational lensing, but because of the geometry of gas-dust outflow modulated by a dense equatorial dust torus or ring, which restricts outflow in equatorial plane, forcing bipolar lobes — a common mechanism for bipolar planetary nebulae.
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